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How Coupled are Decoupled Farm Payments? A Review of Coupling Mechanisms and the Evidence AgEcon
Bhaskar, Arathi; Beghin, John C..
This survey paper explores the literature on decoupling of farm programs that has emerged in the last 10 years. The paper identifies and assesses the various channels of potential coupling of decoupled farm payments and provides taxonomy of coupling mechanisms found in theoretical and empirical papers. Coupling of decoupled payments is pervasive but effects when measurable are small, with the exception of the impact on land values. The paper points to unresolved issues on potential coupling mechanisms for further research.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Decoupling; Decoupled payments; Farm policy; Agricultural trade policy; Coupling; Direct payments; CCP; PFC; SFP; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7347
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Simulation of soil dynamic properties of a seed opener using the discrete element method (DEM) CIGR Journal
Chen, Ying; Gao, Qun; Zhou, Haibo; Sadek, Mohammad A..
Soil disturbance and draft force are important soil dynamic properties and performance indicators for a seed opener. In this study, a soil-opener model was developed to simulate soil dynamic properties of a hoe type seed opener using the discrete element method (DEM). To validate the model, a paired-row hoe opener was tested in a sandy loam soil at a working depth of 40 mm and a travel speed of 7 km/h. Soil disturbance characteristics (maximum soil surface roughness and soil cover depth) and draft force of the opener were measured. The model results agreed well with the test results, with relative errors under 10%. The validated model was used to compare the soil dynamic properties among a single-row opener, a side-band opener, and a paired-row opener. The...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Agricultural machinery Disturbance dynamics; Force; Hoe; Opener; DEM; PFC; Soil.
Ano: 2015 URL: http://www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/view/3227
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Utilisation d’espèces halieutiques exploitées comme indicateurs de la contamination chimique en zone littorale ArchiMer
Abarnou, Alain.
The concept of biological indicator relies upon the assumption that the contamination measured in biological tissues reflects that of the aquatic environment. This study aims to update the knowledge on contamination levels of various chemical contaminants in a few exploited fish species from various areas along the French coastline. The objective of the work is to evaluate the possibility of differentiating the various coastal zones according to the contamination levels measured in fish living there. Several groups of contaminants were followed: PCBs (marker PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs), dioxins (PCCDs and PCDFs), PBDEs, PFCs and total mercury). These contaminants were mainly measured in four fish species: the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), the mackerel...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Espèces indicatrices; Poisson; Environnement marin; POP; PCB; Dioxines; PBDE; PFC; Biological indicators; Fishes; Marine environment; POPs; PCBs; Dioxins; PBDEs; PFCs.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00014/12475/9315.pdf
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